Measuring the Tolerance of the State: Theory and Application to Protest /
Andirin, Veli.
Measuring the Tolerance of the State: Theory and Application to Protest / Veli Andirin, Yusuf Neggers, Mehdi Shadmehr, Jesse M. Shapiro. - Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research 2022. - 1 online resource: illustrations (black and white); - NBER working paper series no. w30167 . - Working Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research) no. w30167. .
June 2022.
We develop a measure of a regime's tolerance for an action by its citizens. We ground our measure in an economic model and apply it to the setting of political protest. In the model, a regime anticipating a protest can take a costly action to repress it. We define the regime's tolerance as the ratio of its cost of repression to its cost of protest. Because an intolerant regime will engage in repression whenever protest is sufficiently likely, a regime's tolerance determines the maximum equilibrium probability of protest. Tolerance can therefore be identified from the distribution of protest probabilities. We construct a novel cross-national database of protest occurrence and protest predictors, and apply machine-learning methods to estimate protest probabilities. We use the estimated protest probabilities to form a measure of tolerance at the country, country-year, and country-month levels. We apply the measure to questions of interest.
System requirements: Adobe [Acrobat] Reader required for PDF files.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions
Measuring the Tolerance of the State: Theory and Application to Protest / Veli Andirin, Yusuf Neggers, Mehdi Shadmehr, Jesse M. Shapiro. - Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research 2022. - 1 online resource: illustrations (black and white); - NBER working paper series no. w30167 . - Working Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research) no. w30167. .
June 2022.
We develop a measure of a regime's tolerance for an action by its citizens. We ground our measure in an economic model and apply it to the setting of political protest. In the model, a regime anticipating a protest can take a costly action to repress it. We define the regime's tolerance as the ratio of its cost of repression to its cost of protest. Because an intolerant regime will engage in repression whenever protest is sufficiently likely, a regime's tolerance determines the maximum equilibrium probability of protest. Tolerance can therefore be identified from the distribution of protest probabilities. We construct a novel cross-national database of protest occurrence and protest predictors, and apply machine-learning methods to estimate protest probabilities. We use the estimated protest probabilities to form a measure of tolerance at the country, country-year, and country-month levels. We apply the measure to questions of interest.
System requirements: Adobe [Acrobat] Reader required for PDF files.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions