Representation and Extrapolation: Evidence from Clinical Trials /
Alsan, Marcella.
Representation and Extrapolation: Evidence from Clinical Trials / Marcella Alsan, Maya Durvasula, Harsh Gupta, Joshua Schwartzstein, Heidi L. Williams. - Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research 2022. - 1 online resource: illustrations (black and white); - NBER working paper series no. w30575 . - Working Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research) no. w30575. .
October 2022.
This article examines the consequences and causes of low enrollment of Black patients in clinical trials. We develop a simple model of similarity-based extrapolation that predicts that evidence is more relevant for decision-making by physicians and patients when it is more representative of the group that is being treated. This generates the key result that the perceived benefit of a medicine for a group depends not only on the average benefit from a trial, but also on the share of patients from that group who were enrolled in the trial. In survey experiments, we find that physicians who care for Black patients are more willing to prescribe drugs tested in representative samples, an effect substantial enough to close observed gaps in the prescribing rates of new medicines. Black patients update more on drug efficacy when the sample that the drug is tested on is more representative, reducing Black-White patient gaps in beliefs about whether the drug will work as described. Despite these benefits of representative data, our framework predicts that those who have benefited more from past medical breakthroughs are less costly to enroll in the present, leading to persistence in who is represented in the evidence base.
System requirements: Adobe [Acrobat] Reader required for PDF files.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making
National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
Health and Inequality
Representation and Extrapolation: Evidence from Clinical Trials / Marcella Alsan, Maya Durvasula, Harsh Gupta, Joshua Schwartzstein, Heidi L. Williams. - Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research 2022. - 1 online resource: illustrations (black and white); - NBER working paper series no. w30575 . - Working Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research) no. w30575. .
October 2022.
This article examines the consequences and causes of low enrollment of Black patients in clinical trials. We develop a simple model of similarity-based extrapolation that predicts that evidence is more relevant for decision-making by physicians and patients when it is more representative of the group that is being treated. This generates the key result that the perceived benefit of a medicine for a group depends not only on the average benefit from a trial, but also on the share of patients from that group who were enrolled in the trial. In survey experiments, we find that physicians who care for Black patients are more willing to prescribe drugs tested in representative samples, an effect substantial enough to close observed gaps in the prescribing rates of new medicines. Black patients update more on drug efficacy when the sample that the drug is tested on is more representative, reducing Black-White patient gaps in beliefs about whether the drug will work as described. Despite these benefits of representative data, our framework predicts that those who have benefited more from past medical breakthroughs are less costly to enroll in the present, leading to persistence in who is represented in the evidence base.
System requirements: Adobe [Acrobat] Reader required for PDF files.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making
National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
Health and Inequality