MARC details
| 000 -CABECERA |
|---|
| Longitud fija campo de control |
03869cam a22003137 4500 |
| 001 - NÚMERO DE CONTROL |
|---|
| Número de control |
w4423 |
| 003 - IDENTIFICADOR DELl NÚMERO DE CONTROL |
|---|
| Identificador del número de control |
NBER |
| 005 - FECHA Y HORA DE LA ÚLTIMA TRANSACCIÓN |
|---|
| Fecha y hora de la última transacción |
20211020114450.0 |
| 006 - CÓDIGOS DE INFORMACIÓN DE LONGITUD FIJA - CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL MATERIAL ADICIONAL |
|---|
| Códigos de información de longitud fija - Características del material adicional |
m o d |
| 007 - CAMPO FIJO DE DESCRIPCIÓN FÍSICA |
|---|
| Campo fijo de descripción física |
cr cnu|||||||| |
| 008 - CÓDIGOS DE INFORMACIÓN DE LONGITUD FIJA |
|---|
| Códigos de información de longitud fija |
210910s1993 mau fo 000 0 eng d |
| 100 1# - PUNTO DE ACCESO PRINCIPAL-NOMBRE DE PERSONA |
|---|
| Nombre de persona |
<a href="Nadiri, M. Ishaq.">Nadiri, M. Ishaq.</a> |
| 9 (RLIN) |
17388 |
| 245 10 - TÍTULO PROPIAMENTE DICHO |
|---|
| Título |
Innovations and Technological Spillovers / |
| Mención de responsabilidad, etc. |
M. Ishaq Nadiri. |
| 260 ## - PUBLICACIÓN, DISTRIBUCIÓN, ETC. (PIE DE IMPRENTA) |
|---|
| Lugar de publicación, distribución, etc. |
Cambridge, Mass. |
| Nombre del editor, distribuidor, etc. |
National Bureau of Economic Research |
| Fecha de publicación, distribución, etc. |
1993. |
| 300 ## - DESCRIPCIÓN FÍSICA |
|---|
| Extensión |
1 online resource: |
| Otras características físicas |
illustrations (black and white); |
| 490 1# - MENCIÓN DE SERIE |
|---|
| Mención de serie |
NBER working paper series |
| Designación de volumen o secuencia |
no. w4423 |
| 500 ## - NOTA GENERAL |
|---|
| Nota general |
August 1993. |
| 520 3# - NOTA DE SUMARIO |
|---|
| Sumario, etc, |
In this paper we analyze the evidence from a large number of studies on three specific questions pertaining to R&D investment: (1) Are there diminishing returns to inventive activities? (2) What is the relationship between R&D and productivity and what are the magnitudes of the returns to a firm's or industry's R&D investment? (3) What are the magnitudes of the benefits from R&D undertaken by other firms, industries and countries and the vehicles by which they are transmitted to the recipients? The evidence on the first issue is still controversial, basically because of the lack of an adequate measure of output and precise measurement of the inputs to the inventive process. Patent counts are often considered as a measure of output while expenditures on R&D are used as a measure of input in this process. If proper adjustments are made and the significant spillover effects of R&D documented in this paper are taken into account, the possibility of diminishing returns to inventive activities seems implausible. On the second question, the results clearly suggest a positive and strong relationship between R&D expenditures and growth of output or total factor productivity. The relation is pervasive, though the magnitudes of the contribution of R&D vary among firms, industries and countries. On the average, net rates of return on own R&D are about 20% to 30%. There is no clear cut evidence of decline in the potency of R&D investment in the late 1970s. However, there is evidence that R&D as a factor of production affects not only productivity growth but also the demand for conventional inputs and is influenced by changes in input prices and the level of demand. The evidence points to sizable R&D spillover effects both at the firm and industry levels; the social rates of return of R&D often vary from 20% to over 100% in various industry, with an average somewhere close to 50%. The channels of diffusion of the spillovers vary considerably and their effects on productivity growth are sizable. These results suggest a substantial underinvestment in R&D activities. International technology trade among the OECD countries has increased substantially in recent years. The diffusion of new technologies has been very rapid; the channels of transmissions have been exports, foreign direct investment, and multinational enterprises' research operations, the latter being the most dynamic agents of technology transfer. With the further globalization of business activities, international technology transfers will be a major source of new R&D spillovers. |
| 530 ## - NOTA DE FORMATO FÍSICO ADICIONAL DISPONIBLE |
|---|
| Nota de formato físico adicional disponible |
Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers |
| 538 ## - NOTA DE DETALLES DEL SISITEMA |
|---|
| Nota de detalles del sistema |
System requirements: Adobe [Acrobat] Reader required for PDF files. |
| 538 ## - NOTA DE DETALLES DEL SISITEMA |
|---|
| Nota de detalles del sistema |
Mode of access: World Wide Web. |
| 588 0# - NOTA DE FUENTE DE LA DESCRIPCIÓN |
|---|
| Nota de fuente de la descripción |
Print version record |
| 690 #7 - CAMPOS LOCALES DE ENCABEZAMIENTO DE MATERIA |
|---|
| Término local o nombre geográfico como elemento de entrada |
O3 - Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights |
| Fuente de encabezamiento o término |
Journal of Economic Literature class. |
| 710 2# - PUNTO DE ACCESO ADICIONAL - NOMBRE DE ENTIDAD |
|---|
| Nombre de entidad o nombre de jurisdicción como elemento inicial |
National Bureau of Economic Research. |
| 830 #0 - PUNTO DE ACCESO ADICIONAL DE SERIE - TÍTULO UNIFORME |
|---|
| Título uniforme |
Working Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research) |
| Designación de volumen o secuencia |
no. w4423. |
| 856 40 - LOCALIZACIÓN Y ACCESO ELECTRÓNICO |
|---|
| Identificador Uniforme del Recurso (URI) |
<a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w4423">https://www.nber.org/papers/w4423</a> |
| 856 ## - LOCALIZACIÓN Y ACCESO ELECTRÓNICO |
|---|
| Texto del enlace |
Acceso en línea al DOI |
| Identificador Uniforme del Recurso (URI) |
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4423">http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4423</a> |
| 942 ## - ENTRADA DE ELEMENTOS AGREGADOS (KOHA) |
|---|
| Fuente de clasificaión o esquema |
Dewey Decimal Classification |
| Koha [por defecto] tipo de item |
Working Paper |
