Incluye referencias bibliográficas (páginas 351-356)

1. Introduction 1.1. The rediscovery of geography ; 1.2. Linkages and circular causation ; 1.3. Modeling tricks: dixit-stiglitz, icebergs, evolution, and the computer ; 1.4. Two useful questions ; 1.5. Plan of the book -- I. Some intellectual background: 2. Antecedents I: urban economics: 2.1. The von Thune model ; 2.2. Explaining cities: external economies ; 2.3. Urban systems ; 2.4. Multiple subcenters ; 2.5. Uses and limits of traditional urban economics -- 3. Antecedents II: regional science: 3.1. Central-place theory ; 3.2. Base-multiplier analysis ; 3.3. Market potential analysis ; 3.4. Limitations of regional science -- II. Labor mobility and regional development: 4. The Dixit-Stiglitz model of monopolistic competition and its spatial implications: 4.1. Consumer behavior ; 4.2. Multiple locations and transport costs ; 4.3. Producer behavior ; 4.4. Some normalizations ; 4.5. The price index effect and the home market effect ; 4.6. The ""No-Black-Hole"" condition -- 5. Core and periphery: 5.1. Assumptions ; 5.2. Instantaneous equilibrium ; 5.3. The core-periphery model: statement and numerical examples ; 5.4. When is a core-periphery pattern sustainable? ; 5.5. When is the symmetric equilibrium broken? ; 5.6. Implications and conclusions ; Appendix: Symmetry breaking -- 6. Many regions and continuous space: 6.1. The three-region case ; 6.2. The racetrack economy ; 6.3. The Turing approach ; 6.4. The growth rate of a fluctuation ; 6.5. Determining the preferred frequency: the large economy ; 6.6. From local to global ; 6.7. Conclusions ; Appendix: Simulation parameters -- 7. Agricultural transport costs: 7.1. Trade costs: the realities ; 7.2. Trade costs: the model ; 7.3. Core-periphery or symmetry? ; 7.4. Differentiated agricultural products ; 7.5. Conclusions ; Appendix 7.1. Symmetry breaking ; Appendix 7.2. Simulation parameters -- III. The urban system: 8. Spatial models of urban systems: a heuristic introduction: 8.1. Location decisions and the distribution of demand ; 8.2. Sustaining and locking in urban location ; 8.3. Population growth and city formation ; 8.4. Urban hierarchies ; 8.5 . Ports and transportation hubs ; 8.6. Conclusions -- 9.The monocentric economy: 9.1. The model ; 9.2. The von Thune economy ; 9.3. The market potential function ; 9.4. The potential function and the sustainability of a city ; Appendix 9.1. On the definition of the market potential function ; Appendix 9.2. The limit market potential function -- 10. The emergence of new cities: 10.1. Adjustment dynamics and the stability of the spatial system ; 10.2. From one city to three ; 10.3. Emergence of new cities in the long run ; 10.4. Conclusions ; Appendix 10.1. Bifurcation with costly transport of agricultural goods ; Appendix 10.2. Supplementary calculations for appendix ; 10.1. Appendix ; 10.3 Adjustment dynamics of a general three-city case -- 11. Evolution of a hierarchical urban system: 11.1. The formation of an urban hierarchy in nineteenth-century America ; 11.2. The model ; 11.3. The monocentric system ; 11.4. Self-organization toward a hierarchical system ; 11.5. Conclusions ; Appendix 11.1. The equilibrium of the agricultural market ; Appendix 11.2. The equilibrium conditions of the monocentric economy ; Appendix 11.3. The Proof that (11.16) implies (11.17) -- 12. An empirical digression: the sizes of cities: 12.1. The size distribution of cities ; 12.2. Do Urban theories predict the rank-size rule? ; 12.3. Can random growth explain the rank-size rule? ; 12.4. Conclusions -- 13. Ports, transportation hubs, and city location: 13.1. The monocentric economy ; 13.2. The impact of a transportation hub on the market potential function ; 13.3.Patterns of spatial evolution ; 13.4. Conclusions -- IV. International trade: 14. International specialization: 14.1. A Model with intermediate goods ; 14.2. The structure of equilibria ; 14.3. Agglomeration and national inequalities ; 14.4. Decreasing returns in agriculture ; 14.5. Conclusions ; Appendix 14.1. Symmetry breaking ; Appendix 14.2. Simulation parameters -- 15. Economic development and the spread of industry: 15.1. Growth and sustainable wage differentials ; 15.2. Many industries and many countries ; 15.3. Conclusions ; Appendix 15.1. The multicounty, multi-industry model ; Appendix 15.2. Simulation parameters -- 16. Industrial clustering: 16.1. Industrial clusters: the evidence ; 16.2. Industrial clusters: the model ; 16.3. Concentration or dispersion? 16.4. Adjustment and real income ; 16.5. Multiple factors: industrial clustering in a Heckscher-Ohlin world ; 16.6. Multiple industries and sustainable cross-country differences ; 16.7. Conclusions ; Appendix 16.1. Symmetry breaking ; Appendix 16.2. Adjustment and real income ; Appendix 16.3. The production possibility frontier ; Appendix 16.4. Multiple industries ; Appendix 16.5. Simulation parameters -- 17. A seamless world: 17.1. The model ; 17.2. The frequency of agglomeration ; 17.3. From local to global ; 17.4. Punctuated equilibrium ; 17.5. Multiple industries ; 17.6. Center and periphery ; 17.7. Conclusions ; Appendix 17.1. Symmetry breaking ; Appendix 17.2. Simulation parameters -- 18 External trade and internal geography: 18.1. Urban concentration in an open economy ; 18.2. The effects of trade liberalization ; 18.3. Industrial clustering and external trade ; 18.4. Industrial structure and urban concentration ; 18.5. Conclusions ; Appendix 18.1. Symmetry breaking ; Appendix 18.2. Simulation parameters – 19. The way forward: 19.1. The theoretical menu ; 19.2. Empirical work ; 19.3. Quantification ; 19.4. Welfare implications ; 19.5. Where we stand."