Cicala, Steve. <br/><br/>
The Incidence of Extreme Economic Stress:  Evidence from Utility Disconnections / 
Steve Cicala. 
 - Cambridge, Mass.  National Bureau of Economic Research  2021. 
 - 1 online resource:  illustrations (black and white); 
 - NBER working paper series  no. w28422 .
 - Working Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research)  no. w28422. .
<br/><br/> January 2021. 
<br/><br/> This paper uses monthly zip code-level data on electricity disconnections to document the socioeconomic correlates of extreme economic distress among 5 million customers in Illinois. In 2018-2019, customers in Black and Hispanic zip codes were about 4 times more likely to be disconnected for non-payment, 2-3 times more likely to be on deferred payment plans, and 70% more likely to participate in utility-based low-income assistance programs, controlling for zip code distributions of income and other demographic characteristics. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a nine-fold expansion in low-income assistance to pay utility bills, but disconnections were double and deferred payment plans triple their historical averages in October 2020. Disconnection notices were served to 2.5% of commercial and industrial accounts, and 3.4% of residential accounts each month in late 2020. About 20% of all accounts were charged late fees. The odds for each of these measures were multiples higher in minority and low-income zip codes. 
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