TY  - BOOK
AU  - Anttila-Hughes,Jesse K.
AU  - Fernald,Lia C.H.
AU  - Gertler,Paul J.
AU  - Krause,Patrick
AU  - Wydick,Bruce
ED  - National Bureau of Economic Research.
TI  - Mortality from Nestlé’s Marketing of Infant Formula in Low and Middle-Income Countries
T2  - NBER working paper series
PY  - 2018///
CY  - Cambridge, Mass.
PB  - National Bureau of Economic Research
N1  - March 2018; Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
N2  - Intensive and controversial marketing of infant formula is believed to be responsible for millions of infant deaths in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet to date there have been no rigorous analyses that quantify these effects.  To estimate the impact of infant formula on infant mortality, we pair country-specific data from the annual corporate reports of Nestlé, the largest producer of infant formula, with a sample of 2.48 million births in 46 LMICs from 1970-2011.  Our key finding is that the availability of formula increased infant mortality by 9.4 per 1000 births, 95%CI [3.6, 15.6] among mothers without access to clean water, suggesting that unclean water acted as a vector for the transmission of water-borne pathogens to infants.  We estimate that the availability of formula in LIMCs resulted in approximately 66,000 infant deaths in 1981 at the peak of the infant formula controversy
UR  - https://www.nber.org/papers/w24452
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24452
ER  -