Carruthers, Celeste K. <br/><br/>
Municipal Housekeeping:  The Impact of Women's Suffrage on Public Education / 
Celeste K. Carruthers, Marianne H. Wanamaker. 
 - Cambridge, Mass.  National Bureau of Economic Research  2015. 
 - 1 online resource:  illustrations (black and white); 
 - NBER working paper series  no. w20864 .
 - Working Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research)  no. w20864. .
<br/><br/> January 2015. 
<br/><br/> Gains in 20th century real wages and reductions in the black-white wage gap have been linked to the mid-century ascent of school quality. With a new dataset uniquely appropriate to identifying the impact of female voter enfranchisement on education spending, we attribute up to one-third of the 1920-1940 rise in public school expenditures to the Nineteenth Amendment. Yet the continued disenfranchisement of black southerners meant white school gains far outpaced those for blacks. As a result, women's suffrage exacerbated racial inequality in education expenditures and substantially delayed relative gains in black human capital observed later in the century. 
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