TY  - BOOK
AU  - Abramitzky,Ran
AU  - Boustan,Leah Platt
AU  - Eriksson,Katherine
ED  - National Bureau of Economic Research.
TI  - A Nation of Immigrants: Assimilation and Economic Outcomes in the Age of Mass Migration 
T2  - NBER working paper series
PY  - 2012///
CY  - Cambridge, Mass.
PB  - National Bureau of Economic Research
N1  - April 2012; Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
N2  - During the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913), the US maintained an open border, absorbing 30 million European immigrants. Prior cross-sectional work on this era finds that immigrants initially held lower-paid occupations than natives but experienced rapid convergence over time. In newly-assembled panel data, we show that, in fact, the average immigrant did not face a substantial occupation-based earnings penalty upon first arrival and experienced occupational advancement at the same rate as natives. Cross-sectional patterns are driven by biases from declining arrival cohort quality and departures of negatively-selected return migrants. We show that assimilation patterns vary substantially across sending countries and persist in the second generation
UR  - https://www.nber.org/papers/w18011
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18011
ER  -