Mueller, Holger M. <br/><br/>
Family Firms, Paternalism, and Labor Relations / 
Holger M. Mueller, Thomas Philippon. 
 - Cambridge, Mass.  National Bureau of Economic Research  2006. 
 - 1 online resource:  illustrations (black and white); 
 - NBER working paper series  no. w12739 .
 - Working Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research)  no. w12739. .
<br/><br/> December 2006. 
<br/><br/> Using firm-, industry-, and country-level data, we document a link between family ownership and labor relations. Across countries, we find that family ownership is relatively more prevalent in countries in which labor relations are difficult, consistent with firm-level evidence suggesting that family firms are particularly effective at coping with difficult labor relations. Our cross-country results are robust to controlling for minority shareholder protection and various other potential determinants of family ownership. Our results also hold if we use strike data from the 1960s to predict cross-country variation in family ownership thirty years later. We address causality in two ways. First, we instrument our measure of the quality of labor relations using 'Labor Origin', a variable describing the extent to which the emerging European liberal states in the 18th and 19th centuries confronted guilds and labor organizations. Second, making use of within-country variation at the industry level, we show that - controlling for industry and country fixed effects - industries that are more labor dependent have relatively more family ownership in countries with worse labor relations. 
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