000			02845cam a22003377 4500
001			w10317
003			NBER
005			20211020112829.0
006			m o d
007			cr cnu||||||||
008			210910s2004 mau fo 000 0 eng d
100	1		_aEdmonds, Eric.
245	1	0	_aInternational Trade and Child Labor: _bCross-Country Evidence / _cEric Edmonds, Nina Pavcnik.
260			_aCambridge, Mass. _bNational Bureau of Economic Research _c2004.
300			_a1 online resource: _billustrations (black and white);
490	1		_aNBER working paper series _vno. w10317
500			_aFebruary 2004.
520	3		_aWe explore the relationship between greater exposure to trade (as measured by openness) and child labor in a cross country setting. Our methodology accounts for the fact that trade flows are endogenous to child labor (and labor standards more generally) by examining the relationship between child labor and variation in trade based on geography. We find that countries that trade more have less child labor. At the cross-country means, the data suggest an openness elasticity of child labor of -0.7. For low-income countries, the elasticity of child labor with respect to trade with high income countries is -0.9. However, these relationships appear to be largely attributable to the positive association between trade and income. When we control for the endogeneity of trade and for cross-country income differences, the openness elasticity of child labor at cross-country means is much smaller (-0.1) and statistically insignificant. We consistently find a negative but statistically insignificant association between openness and child labor conditional on cross-country income differences when we split the sample into different country groups, consider only trade between high and low income countries, or focus on exports of unskilled-labor intensive products from low income countries. Thus, the cross-country data do not substantiate assertions that trade per se plays a significant role in perpetuating the high levels of child labor that pervade low-income countries.
530			_aHardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
538			_aSystem requirements: Adobe [Acrobat] Reader required for PDF files.
538			_aMode of access: World Wide Web.
588	0		_aPrint version record
690		7	_aF14 - Empirical Studies of Trade _2Journal of Economic Literature class.
690		7	_aF15 - Economic Integration _2Journal of Economic Literature class.
700	1		_aPavcnik, Nina. _918298
710	2		_aNational Bureau of Economic Research.
830		0	_aWorking Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research) _vno. w10317.
856	4	0	_uhttps://www.nber.org/papers/w10317
856			_yAcceso en línea al DOI _uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10317
942			_2ddc _cW-PAPER
999			_c337854 _d296416