000			03348cam a22004457a 4500
001			w30416
003			NBER
005			20221003151024.0
006			m o d
007			cr cnu||||||||
008			221003s2022 mau fo 000 0 eng d
040			_aMaCbNBER _beng _cMaCbNBER
100	1		_aGruber, Jonathan. _911940
245	1	0	_aPlace-Based Productivity and Costs in Science / _cJonathan Gruber, Simon Johnson, Enrico Moretti.
260			_aCambridge, Mass. _bNational Bureau of Economic Research _c2022.
300			_a1 online resource: _billustrations (black and white);
490	1		_aNBER working paper series _vno. w30416
500			_aSeptember 2022.
520	3		_aCities with a larger concentration of scientists have been shown to be more productive places for additional scientists to do Research and Development. At the same time, these urban areas tend to be associated with higher costs of doing research, in terms of both wages and land. While the literature on the benefits of agglomeration economies is extensive, it offers no direct evidence of how productivity gains from agglomeration compare with higher costs of production. This paper aims to shed light on the balance between local productivity and local costs in science. Using a novel dataset, we estimate place-based costs of carrying out R&D in each US metro area and assess how these place-based costs vary with the density of scientists in each area. We then compare these costs with estimates of the corresponding productivity benefits of more scientist density from Moretti (2021). Adding more scientists to a city increases both productivity and production costs, but the rise in productivity is larger than the rise in production costs. In particular, each 10% rise in the stock of scientists is associated with a 0.11% rise in costs and a 0.67% rise in productivity. This implies that firms moving from cities with a small agglomeration of scientists to cities with a large agglomeration of scientists experience productivity gains that are 6 times larger than the increase in production costs. This finding is consistent with the increased concentration of R&D activity observed over the past 30 years. However, while the productivity estimate has only modest non-linearities, the cost estimates suggest much larger non-linearities as the concentration of scientists increases. For the most concentrated R&D cities, the difference between productivity gains and cost increases is close to zero.
530			_aHardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
538			_aSystem requirements: Adobe [Acrobat] Reader required for PDF files.
538			_aMode of access: World Wide Web.
588	0		_aPrint version record
690		7	_aGeneral _2jelc
650		7	_aGeneral _2jelc
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690		7	_aGeneral _2jelc
650		7	_aGeneral _2jelc
084			_aJ0 _2jelc
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700	1		_aJohnson, Simon.
700	1		_aMoretti, Enrico. _917117
710	2		_aNational Bureau of Economic Research.
830		0	_aWorking Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research) _vno. w30416.
856	4	0	_uhttps://www.nber.org/papers/w30416
856			_yAcceso en línea al DOI _uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30416
942			_2ddc _cW-PAPER
999			_c390212 _d348774