000			03437cam a22005417a 4500
001			w31400
003			NBER
005			20240125162349.0
006			m o d
007			cr cnu||||||||
008			240124s2023 mau fo 000 0 eng d
040			_aMaCbNBER _beng _cMaCbNBER
100	1		_aCohen, Alma. _98230
245	1	0	_aGender-Neutral Language and Gender Disparities / _cAlma Cohen, Tzur Karelitz, Tamar Kricheli-Katz, Sephi Pumpian, Tali Regev.
260			_aCambridge, Mass. _bNational Bureau of Economic Research _c2023.
300			_a1 online resource: _billustrations (black and white);
490	1		_aNBER working paper series _vno. w31400
500			_aJune 2023.
520	3		_aThis study investigates empirically whether and how the use of gender-neutral language affects the performance of women and men in real high-stakes exams. We make use of a natural experiment in which the institute administering Israel's standardized college admission tests amended the language used in its exams, making test language more gender neutral. We find that the change to a more gender-neutral language was associated with a significant improvement in the performance of women on quantitative questions, which meaningfully reduced the gender gap between male and female performance on these questions. However, the change did not affect female performance on verbal questions nor male performance on either quantitative or verbal questions. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that gendered language may introduce a "stereotype threat" that adversely affects women's performance in tasks in which they are stereotypically perceived to underperform. Our findings have significant implications for the ongoing academic and policy discussions regarding the use and effects of gender-neutral language.
530			_aHardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
538			_aSystem requirements: Adobe [Acrobat] Reader required for PDF files.
538			_aMode of access: World Wide Web.
588	0		_aPrint version record
690		7	_aSearch • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness _2jelc
650		7	_aSearch • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness _2jelc
084			_aD83 _2jelc
690		7	_aGeneral _2jelc
650		7	_aGeneral _2jelc
084			_aI20 _2jelc
690		7	_aEducation and Inequality _2jelc
650		7	_aEducation and Inequality _2jelc
084			_aI24 _2jelc
690		7	_aEconomics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination _2jelc
650		7	_aEconomics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination _2jelc
084			_aJ16 _2jelc
690		7	_aEconomic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic Stratification _2jelc
650		7	_aEconomic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic Stratification _2jelc
084			_aZ13 _2jelc
700	1		_aKarelitz, Tzur.
700	1		_aKricheli-Katz, Tamar.
700	1		_aPumpian, Sephi.
700	1		_aRegev, Tali.
710	2		_aNational Bureau of Economic Research.
830		0	_aWorking Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research) _vno. w31400.
856	4	0	_uhttps://www.nber.org/papers/w31400
856			_yAcceso en línea al DOI _uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w31400
942			_2ddc _cW-PAPER
999			_c392638 _d351200